Why Byzantine Economy Remained One of the Most Powerful in Europe Through Early Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

Why Byzantine Economy Remained One of the Most Powerful in Europe Through Early Middle Ages Essay â€Å"Why Byzantine economy remained one of the most powerful in Europe through Early Middle Ages? † The Byzantine cconomy was one of the largest systems throughout Europe and the Mediterannean for many centuries. Both local and international trade were of huge importance for the Byzantine Empire. Lower class, including traders, depended on the upper class. Their need of the foreign goods in order to stay in Local trade was much less popular. Throughout the fourth and sixth centuries, long-distance trade was operating successfully, until the plague appeared, which killed around one-third of the citizens in the Byzantine Empire, and ruined the trade networks. The Byzantine economy had recovered in the tenth century, and Italian merchants contributed to its steady growth in the Mediteranian through the tenth and eleventh centuries (Katz 27-39). To begin, the decades of instability as well as foreign invasions mostly by Germanic tribes, led to an establishment of a new military, political, and administrative framework under Diocletian (284-305), and Constantine I, which also led to a new economic power in Byzantine and Constantinopole. From 395 to 476, the Empire was in a big crisis until the Germans left the territory. Emperor Justinian I provided the growth of the economy, but also the growth period ended with the â€Å"Justinian Plague† that broke out in Egypt in 542, and reduced the population in all provinces of the empire. The â€Å"Justinian Plague† continued until the 8th century. At the same time, political disadvantage occurred with the warfare against Sasanian Persia in 6th and 7th century, which had a really bad impact on Byzantine economy. In the 7th century, after the death of Prophet Mohammed, the Arabs started to invade eastern parts of the empire, and the Byzantine was still weak from the war with Persia, and until 642, most of the revenue of the empire was gone, but due to their unbreakable economic system, the empire survived again. After the survival of Arabian attacks, Byzantium appeared as a completely new power that was financed by a new effective tax system. In the 9th century, conditions in the empire largely improved, which led to an increase of security and economic growth. After that, Byzantium was a completely new empire (Laiou 9-28). The Byzantine economy was based on money provided by taxes which enabled government to receive huge budgets, which is enormous even nowadays. The well organized economy of the empire allowed it to survive dangers of money shortage. In the 950 and 1200 Byzanine economy grew rapidly, which led to a creation of aristocracy, which was a basic link in the state system. Public expenditures were primarily annual payments in gold to state functionaries, military, Constantinopolitan and provincials. However, a desire for the coinage grew with the growth of the economy, but actually it was not easy for Byzantium to meet the standards for coinage, and it appeared that coins were in a short supply once again in Constantinopole. This suggested a sustained thirst for gold to service the state economy. From the 4th to the end of the 6th century people were using coinage called â€Å"solidi†, from 7th to 11th century â€Å"nominsata†, and from 12th to 14th century â€Å"hyperpyra†. In 540 annual revenue of the empire was 11,300,000 solidi which was more annual revenue than in any other year from 4th to 6th century (Morrison 900-1000). The 6th century economy had a power that accompanied the whole Mediterranean, followed by Justinians conquests. In the period of his reign, the economy was full of activity and exchange, that lasted until middle of the sixth century. The trade networks expanded, and Byzantine trade developed as far as England to the west and to the east,including the Red Sea and beyond as far as India. A significant economic undertaking also represented the construction of cities in the fifth and sixth century and new ways of architecture and infrastructre. (Morrison 172). However, trade was more developed in the eastern part of the empire. For the international trade, the Byzantine Empire used well-organized systems of Roman roads and bridges and adapted them for their own use. The resurfacing of the roads and bridges and well organized infrastructure allowed the traders to import and export fresh food, use places to sleep and eat, and just have a good trading experience. According to Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, it was necessary to know which roads were narrow or steep, and at the same time unsafe for transport, and which ones were good. The most important road in the empire was the â€Å"Imperial Rode,† which ran from the northwest to the southeast of the empire. The Black Sea connection was also of importance, which was the connection path to the Asia, and its exporters (Avramea 57-90). The base of the Byzantine economy was agriculture. The interest of the state is that agriculture keeps the state revenue flowing in. Agriculture was also important for gathering as many gold coins and returning a portion to the state treasury. Paying taxes was the best way to prove the ownership of the land. The seaside areas were featuring vines, sea crops, and production of lives, which played an important role for the Byzantine Empire. The manpower or â€Å"the musscle of the peassants† was also a big significance for the empire, because the economy would have been useless without the manpower. However, the imports were mainly constructed of the common goods that kept the business including, oil, wool, metals, spices, and jewelery that were imported mostly from China, India, and Persia. Byzantium took care of the timely arrival of the goods to both eastern and western parts of the empire. The Byzantines considered land a common resource, not to be bought or sold, but it is valuable only if the men were invesing in it. The biggest loss of the inhabitants and land was in 541 due to the plague, where Constantinopole lost 40 % of its inhabitants. It affected both cities and countryside, as well as the routes of trading and communication, and significantly shrank the economic production. In the 9th century after the plague, peace was slowly reestablished and territories started to increase (Bryer 101-113). From the other side, Constantinople was presented as a very wealthy capital which served as propaganda for the foreigners that came to visit it, as well as for their own citizens. Constantinopole was fully decorated with the foreign imported material such as silk or gold. The 10th century was one of the most powerful in the Byzantine Empire history, and through that period, Constantinopole was the biggest centre of the international trade, with merchants mostly from Italy, Syria, and Bulgaria. In the middle of the 10th century international trade with Muslims became very popular, while in the 11th and 12th century economy of exchange took place. Before the ninth and tenth century, Arabs were invading Egypt and Syria, which ruined the Byzantine trade, but since the population size increased in ninth and tenth century, production and trade also increased, especially the demand for grain. The shipping was important for the international trade, so good quality of the ships was needed. One of the popular brands was â€Å"dromon†, which followed the Roman shipbuilding tradition. The big change in the technology of the sea transport came from the storage jar, which gave way to the wooden barrel, which overall reduced the weight of the ship, allowing for more things to be transferred from one side to another (Avramea 55-89). Coinage was the basic form of the money in the Byzantine Empire, but even though businessmen were very skillful, they were not capable to speed up the circulation of the coins through the empire. The gold coinage was mostly used from 7th to the start of 11th century. At the start of 11th century, silver and copper coins were circulating more through the monetary system. However, there was a coinage crisis going through many periods, until Alexios I Komnenos put the end to a coinage crisis. His reign was based on his family as a centre of government. His reign was known for power and wealth, and Komnenian policies enhanced the importance of the Byzantine ports and cities. The entirely new coinage released from the economy of state helped the massive expansion in subventions of land-based tax privileges. These subventions strengthen local market economies, which encouraged peasants to develop the production. The state collected the taxes in cash, but they used excess to pay off obiligations to the state. These grants had also grown significantly in the 11th century and Alexios Komnenos used it as a reward for the military and his family. As the state mostly depended on aristocrats, there were always the difference between upper and lower class, and as much as aristocrats were giving to the state, they were also increasingly working for their own interest. The best example of that system is shown in the Komnenos family. The main interest of the aristocrats was to benefit from the states’ weaknesses, but not to weaken the state, which would deprive the poor of access to the resources and stop aristocrats seeking benefits by competing with each other (Lopez 209-234). Even though the estate and the village competed with each other about the territory because there was a big amount of land available, the estate and the village also need each other. The estate needed land for farming, such as growing crops or raising life. From the other side, the village needed the land for spreading their trading facility as well as commerce. Within the Byzantine Empire, regardless of where the person lived, the same as in the Roman Empire, men were in charge of almost every part of their property, considering cultivation of the land and other physical activities which were including hard work that women usually could not do. Women were in charge of children and the life inside the house (Laiou 45-56). During the period from 9th to 11th century, it appeared that the economy was almost completely monetized. All the taxes had to be payed in gold, while in the other countries such as Bulgaria, tax was paid in kind. The organization of the fiscal services evolved in the 9th century. There were various offices with employees that were writing documents and accounting books. The tenth and eleventh centuries also viewed a development of â€Å"charitable houses,† institutions that were using revenue for financing the upper aristocratic class, which is another example of the power of the upper class and the Byzantine Empire economy (Oikonomides 577-581). Even though the Byzantine economy had ups and downs like any other economy in any other system, the positive thing is that through the longer period it remained strong and powerful. The 6th century and Justinian and start of the 11th century and Komnenians’ reign were the periods when the ecomony reached its climax and showed the world its characteristics and endurance. Even in modern times, it appeared difficult for many economies to reach the Byzantine economic level of wealth and strength.

Understanding HIV and AIDS :: health, virus, medicine

HIV/ AIDS HIV/AIDS is an epidemic that effects both men and women of all ages. It has an impact on many people's lives either by themselves being infected, knowing someone who is infected, or being a health care worker. HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. It also effects the blood cells (lymphocytes) and cells of the organs (bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph glands). It effects the lungs, central nervous system and gastrointestinal system. People begin with having the HIV virus. An HIV infected person is likely to stay fit and well for a long time. In time, however the infected person develops rare illnesses or cancers because their immune system is weakened. When this happens, the person now has AIDS. Some people live for several years once they have AIDS, but it is always fatal. HIV is diagnosed with a blood test known as an HIV antibody test or HIV test. If the test shows that HIV is present, the person is referred to as HIV positive. It may take up to 6 months after contact to show up. The number of women with HIV and AIDS in the United States is steadily rising. From 1985 to 1996, the proportion of reported US AIDS cases occurring among women increased from 7-20% (Women and AIDS). An analysis from the National Cancer Institute estimates that between 107,000 and 150,000 women on the U.S. are living with HIV infection (many of whom have not developed AIDS (Women and AIDS) AIDS presents a great worry for women. It is the third leading cause of death among women ages 25 to 44 and the leading cause of death among African-American women of the same age group. (Women and AIDS) Although AIDS cases are reported in all 50 states, the highest rates in 1996 were in New York, New Jersey, Florida, Maryland and Delaware (Women and AIDS) HIV may not produce any initial symptoms. However, as this disease progresses, symptoms begin to appear. Among them are: fatigue, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, fever, diarrhea, recurrent respiratory and skin infections, swollen lymph glands throughout the body, genital changes, enlarged spleen and mouth sores. Vaginal yeast infections, common and easily treated in most women, are harder to treat in HIV infected women. Bacterial vaginosis and common STDs such as gonorrhea, chlamydia trichomoniasis, and pelvic inflammatory disease are more common and aggressive in HIV-infected women.

How Do You Think the Asian Passenger Air Transport

The Asian passenger air transport marketplace will stable and growing rapidly. The latest Airbus Global Market Forecast (GMF), released in December 2010, shows that key drivers for the marketplace are the replacement of aircraft for newer more eco-efficient models in mature markets, dynamic growth in new emerging markets, the further growth of low-cost carriers – particularly in Asia-Pacific and Europe, further market liberalisation and capacity growth on existing routes. In 2010, views on whether low-fare airlines would continue to flourish in Asia varied. Three factors regulation, population demographics, and socioeconomic trends -drove this calculus. Although the target consumer base for AirAsia was enormous -more than 500 million people lived within three hours of AirAsia's hubs in Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok, more than Western Europe's entire population -the failure of Asia's regulatory environment to keep pace and the uncertain demand for low-fare services created uncertainty. Those who sold airplanes, airports or advice tended to be of the opinion that low-fare carriers would redraw Asia's socioeconomic map, offering affordable international travel to millions and thereby fostering the integration of a region divided by water, politics, and poor infrastructure. Analysts who saw a large and growing market predicted that budget airlines would tap pent-up demand among less affluent Asians, who typically travelled by bus and hardly expected attentive service. Since the global economy peaked in the second half of 2006 and even during the recession of 2008-2009, Asian carriers had seen increased success. â€Å"We're seeing that people in Asia travel as soon as they have some extra money in their pocket,† said Don Birth, president and chief executive officer of Abacus, a distribution services provider†) Although average incomes were lower in Asia than in Europe, Timothy Ross, an analyst for UBS, said that the region's lower average incomes should boost rather than constrain demand for cheap fares. Other analysts argued that there had traditionally been too few bilateral agreements that allowed new low-fare carriers to fly between countries and too few of the satellite airports that the airlines needed to keep costs low. In that vein, budget airlines such as AirAsia were hoping for increased cross-border travel in the wake of the December 2008 Asean open skies agreement. The agreement allowed carriers based in the region to make unlimited flights between all 10 Asean member states. Although it would be 2015 before the agreement was fully implemented, it was a positive step forward. For instance, in January 2010, the Indonesian Transportation Ministry announced it was gearing up for the country's full participation in the Asean air transport liberalization plan and intended to inc1ude five of Indonesia's twenty-seven international airports in the implementation. † Although this was only a small proportion, it was a symbolic start. â€Å"Liberalization tends to be infectious, and the germs of change are in the air,† concluded Peter Harbison, the executive chairman of the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. ‘ As more and more countries opened their skies, AirAsia was quick to start cross-border joint ventures, most notably in Thailand and Indonesia. AirAsia prompted increased passenger travel with its 2007-2008 â€Å"To Malaysia with Love† campaign. The campaign celebrated 50 years of nationhood for Malaysia, and offered travelers affordable fares â€Å"starting from MYR0. 50 (about 15 cents), available for all destinations to/from its Malaysian hubs. ,,36 Cheaper airfares were also made possible by the low-cost carrier terminal at Kuala Lampur Airport, with a throughput of about 10 million passengers annually. Even though, external, industry-wide challenges -particularly the escalating cost of fuel -also posed a threat to AirAsia. As the lowest cost carrier in the world, the company suffered more from high fuel prices, as they were a higher percentage of total costs, than any other airline (assuming similar equipment and seat density). Surcharges and baggage fees covered some of this but the airline was conscious that if it loaded on the full charge, it might find no demand on some flights due to a high base price (e. g. inimum or zero fare plus taxes, fees and surcharges). To offset this eventuality, AirAsia did a lot to improve operations and efficiency and also saw the benefits of the fuel efficient Airbus 320 help to maintain its low-fares brand position. To retain its cost advantage in the wake of the global recession, AirAsia entered into an alliance in January 2010 with Jetstar, the low-fare subsidiary of Australia's flag carrier, Qantas. This was the first time two leading budget airlines had collaborated in this fashion. The alliance allowed the companies to explore joint aircraft purchasing, passenger and ground handling services cooperation and the transportation of each other's passengers in the event of a disruption. Assuming the focus of the alliance was on cost sharing for services and aircraft procurement, it might prove effective. AirAsia had played the game very well and had ambitious growth plans to keep ahead of the pack. Time would tell if Fernandes and his team could maintain the company's position as Asia's -or perhaps the globe's -most successful budget airline. But what were the business implications for AirAsia if oil prices remained above $100 a barrel for the foreseeable future? Little possibility. Between slim and none The pattern in other regions suggested that once rules start to relax, growth follows. In the United States, the upsurge of budget carriers saw passenger numbers rise nearly 50 per cent in the five years following deregulation, compared with four per cent for traditional airlines. In 2010, low-fare carriers now had more than a third of the market. In Australia, Virgin Blue took only three years to win a 30 per cent market share. The growth of low-fare carriers had great potential to spill over into the broader tourist and business travel economy: having more air passengers generates higher demand for hotel rooms. This connection had been seen in Australia, where Virgin Blue took nearly one-third of the domestic market from Qantas Airways (which responded in part by setting up Jetstar). This resulted in a sharp upturn in demand for economy hotels, such as Accor. â€Å"In many cases, it's entirely new business that wouldn't have happened if it weren't for cheap air tickets,† commented Peter Hook, general manager for communications at Accor Asia Pacific . In addition, low-fare carriers might offer options for Asian travelers to mix business with pleasure, as many North American and European business travelers did, by extending trips or bringing family members to accompany them. Ultimately, Fernandes pointed out, budget airlines in Asia had an advantage in that Asia had almost no interregional highways and no high-speed international rail. â€Å"There's a lot of sea in between,† he said. â€Å"Air travel is the only way to develop interconnectivity in Asia. â€Å"

Reflective account of teaching session Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Introduction As a nursing I usually have to teach patients several do-it-yourself practices and guide them to ensure that they perform suchprocedures well. The success of transfer of such knowledge from me to them depends to a large extent on my teaching and the patient’s efforts. It is thus important that on my part, I analyse my approach in teaching to determine its effectiveness, strengths, weaknesses and what I should do to make it better. The best approach to examine my approach to teaching is definitely through the use of Gibb’s reflective cycle as it will enable me to reflect a great deal in using one situation and analyse everything that occurred in it, relating my actions to each result that occurred. Through Gibb’s Reflective Cycle, I will analyse a case in which I taught a patient how to change a stoma. I will first describe the context of the teaching- how I acted and how the patient reacted. According to Jasper (2003) this should be followed by anal ysing ones feelings in the situation and emotions at the event. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective account of teaching session or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now One then follows this up with an evaluation of the experience, determining which aspects turned out to be positive and which ones were not, and what failed to go according to plan. After this one needs to critically analyse the occurrence, establishing a conclusion on the entire experience and ultimately come up with an action plan to follow in case of a similar experience in the future. By the time I am through with this, the teaching experience will be analysed in entirety and the next patient I teach how to change a stoma will have a better experience. The context of the teaching This is the first step of Gibb’s Reflective cycle, where I will analyse what actually happened as I taught the patient how to change the stoma. To begin with, the patient had undergone a surgery to due to a severe case of diverticulitis and was just about to be discharged. I visited her ward as was required of me and undertook to explain to her how from that moment henceforth she would be changing the stoma. The patient was clearly in anxious emotional state due to the surgery she had just undergone, although it had been very successful. As Winston et al (1987) so ably puts it, the pre-operative and post-operative emotional states of surgery patients is characterised by anxiety, misgivings, depression and irritability. Spielberger (1973) had earlier on suggested that patients usually develop anxiety to surgery as an emotional reaction towards situations that physically threatening, while Furst (1978) demonstrated that patients under surgery usually reported fear, apprehensio n, worry and uncertainty.

Essay Ethics of Cheating - 735 Words

Cheaters Never Win, Oh wait they doÂ…Â…Â…theyre Cheaters Cheating is defined in the dictionary as, to deceive by trickery; swindle, however the dictionary fails to tell you if it is right or wrong to cheat. People have many different beliefs when it comes to cheating; some think its fine to do while others completely disapprove. I intend to show the different beliefs, from different perspectives of people, and also intend on proving which beliefs have the strongest and weakest arguments. An ethical egoist could argue that we have an obligation to cheat. Ethical egoists maintain the belief that we should act selfishly. We should do things that we believe in our self-interest, which is our own genuine interest. Egoist would cheat to†¦show more content†¦Deontology on the other hand would argue that you should not cheat. Deontology assumes that we all have clear sets of duties that we ought to obey, these are given to us from God or our own reason. Therefore cheating is obviously wrong, so you ought not to cheat. Deontology believes that you have a set of duties that you follow. In deontological ethics, an action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the result of the action is good. Of the three approaches to ethics that are mentioned above I think that the egoists support of cheating makes the best argument. Although, I personally do not believe in cheating I do think that egoist do justify the act of cheating. Egoists feel that we should put our selves before all others and that we should do what makes us happy. They feel that whatever will benefit us most will in turn make us happier. I think the comparison of the strongest argument brings out the weaknesses in the other two arguments. I feel that utilitarianism does not have as strong of an argument for cheating, because they do not look at the entire situation and also they are interested in the happiness of themselves, cheating is not necessarily always going to make you happy. I believe that deontology has the weakest argument, they live by what youShow MoreRelated Ethics Of Cheating Essay752 Words   |  4 Pages Cheaters Never Win, Oh wait they do†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦they’re Cheaters Cheating is defined in the dictionary as, to deceive by trickery; swindle, however the dictionary fails to tell you if it is right or wrong to cheat. People have many different beliefs when it comes to cheating; some think its fine to do while others completely disapprove. I intend to show the different beliefs, from different perspectives of people, and also intend on proving which beliefs have the strongest and weakest arguments. An ethicalRead MorePersonal Ethics : An Ethical Person? 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Universities and collegesRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics For Education917 Words   |  4 PagesMy area of study is in education. The code of ethics for education falls into three different categories, ethical conduct towards the students, ethical conduct practices, and ethical conduct towards colleagues. Educators have a moral responsibility to have a learning environment that fulfills and helps their students reach their full potential. According to the Code of Educators, â€Å"The professional educator accepts personal responsibility for teaching students character qualities that will help themRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Person?933 Words   |  4 Pagesconfronted about cheating or considering cheating you would judge not by the consequences of it but by the morality of the act itself. You would be judged and questioned about your moral character. Moral character is the person you think you are and the person you’re aspire d to be. This is the main element of virtue ethics. Virtue ethics focuses on specific qualities that make a good person. Also, what thrives and contributed to lead a successful life. Compared to utilitarian, virtue ethics doesn’t needRead MoreEthics in Academics1315 Words   |  6 PagesEthics In An Academic Environment Attending The University of Phoenix, we are required in Gen 300 to write a research paper on Ethics In An Academic Environment. In this research paper, you will be able to understand the ethics and environment and how they both are in our everyday surroundings. We will also explain how Ethics in an Environment affects everyone on a day-to-day basis whether good or bad. Ethics in an Academic Environment plays a very important part of our lives. Ethics is theRead MoreThe Ethical Journey Of Views Of College Students891 Words   |  4 Pagesand how is cheating or academic dishonesty viewed by the American people. What are ethics and how they do apply to the college student, and how does the college student s apply it to the world. Ethics has many meanings but for this period of instruction according to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy it is described as: (moral philosophy) involves systematizing defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong (Encyclopedia). Most students learn this from an early age, cheating is not tolerated

Martin Luther s Transformation Of Christianity - 1120 Words

Christianity has over the years organized its belief, practices and doctrines into a methodical, monotheistic religion. These elements of religion are fundamental features that interact to create a living, dynamic religion. Before these were organized, Christianity experienced a number of influential people who challenged the religions main practices, beliefs and doctrines, affecting both the religion and it’s life of adherents. One of the most important people in Christianity is theologian, Martin Luther in which he widely influenced the transformation of Christianity when he began to challenge Christianities teachings on salvation, sources of authority and indulgences, and also when he began the Protestant Reformation in 16th century Europe (Bulmer Doret, 2013). Ultimately, Martin Luther is one of the many influential people who have successfully shaped and change aspects of Christianity, which are still practiced today. Martin Luther started challenging the Church by the introduction of his 95 Theses. Born in Germany in 1483, the German Theologian was known, as one of the most influential men is the history of Christianity (Excel: SOR 1 2, Bulmer Doret, 2013). Early in his life he joined the monastic life, beginning his journey, which would challenge the teachings and encourage development within Christianity. His dedication to the Church grew into him becoming ordained into the priesthood in 1508 (Christian Theologians, 2003), teaching life of adherents theShow MoreRelatedThe Religious Conscience Of Europe1178 Words   |  5 PagesImagine Martin Luther, posting a tweet beginning â€Å"#Let’s Debate, Indulgencies of the Church†. How long would it take that information to reach todays theologians and begin a debate? In the 21st century, we recognize communication as a basic skill that is mastered by an early age. Communication involves a variety of technologies used to coordinate the work of the Church in many nations, strengthen personal faith, and minister to the needs of others. Communication resources have become the glueRead MoreChristianity and The Lutheran Religion847 Words   |  3 Pagesreligion was originally branched from Christianity, and is a massive Protestant denomination currently. Nearly 66 million people worldwide practice this religion (Lutheranism). Lutheran has a membership which exceeds any other Protestant denomination. Germany is the primary Lutheran country, as it was from the start (Martin Luther 1483-1546, BBC). This religion dates back to 1517, the founder of this religion was Martin Luther (McHugh, John). Martin Luther was born on November 10th, 1483 in EislebenRead MoreThe Period Of The Renaissance Period887 Words   |  4 Pageswould not have had the opportunity previously. In 1517, Martin Luther, posted 95 theses on a church door in the university town of Wittenberg. These theses were a list of statements that articulated Luther s concerns about certain Church practices, mainly the sale of indulgences, but they were founded on Luther s deeper concerns with Church doctrine. This act was common academic practice of the day and served as an invitation to debate. Luther s propositions challenged some portions of Roman CatholicRead MoreThe Transformation Of The Medieval Into The Modern Church1320 Words   |  6 Pagesreform, which the Fathers of this Council achieved, initiated the transformation of the medieval into the modern Church.† This assembly, the Council of Trent of the sixteenth century, known as the Council of Trent, in which Robert E. McNally, S.J., a historian of the medieval Church, describes, is considered to have the greatest impact upon the whole of Christendom. The course of church history was dramatically changed as Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of Wittenberg chapelRead MoreThe New Testament s Book Of Acts985 Words   |  4 Pagesto study the history of Christianity to provide background knowledge of historical facts and ideas. What we know to be true before taking this course can all be changed once we open our minds to the unknown and start piecing together important elements of the past. Once I dived into the material that was given to us I quickly realized that this was not the case. The objective of this course is to expand your mind on previous thoughts and opinions related to Christianity. This course was not oneRead MoreReligious Transformations Of The United States1275 Words   |  6 PagesEssay One: Religious Transformations During the past few weeks we have explored a wide variety of examples of religious transformations. 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Though others may argue of one’s perception of a leaderRead MoreIn This Assignment, I Have The Opportunity To Write A One1835 Words   |  8 PagesIn this assignment, I have the opportunity to write a one major paper over the book called â€Å"Why you think the way you do† by Glenn S. Sunshine. It is indicated that this book attempts to help me to develop a Christian perspective on Western Civilization. The two major goals of this paper is the first is to clearly articulate the author’s main point in the book and in each chapter and then the second is to provide a lots of supporting evidence and details from the chapter. The goal is to demonstrateRead MoreReligious Groups Of Colonial America Essay2046 Words   |  9 Pagestribes. Native Americans, unlike their Christian counterparts tended to believe in multiple gods which had control on other aspects of their lives. Native ceremonial traditions varied by differing histories and simple beliefs. Most tribes like Christianity believed in an afterlife and immortality of the human soul. Native individuals pleased their gods in traditional ways through prayer and sometimes offering valuable items as sacrifice such as food, furs and tobacco. Sometimes, to ensure successRe ad MoreInfluence Of Science And Religion1564 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus presented his idea of the universe, the heliocentric model with the sun at the center. He argued that the planets revolved around the sun, and our moon revolved around the Earth (Spielvogel). Therefore, changing people s knowledge of their world, and completely changing the way people thought about their place in the universe, and further questioning the churches knowledge and authority, and damaging their credibility. There developed a great schism between followers

Association of Certified Fraud Examiners

Question: Discuss about the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. Answer: Introduction: There have been observed various cases frauds in companies wherein the employees have been found to be involved in misappropriating the business assets. For example, a worker of IKEA was found to be misappropriating companys cash by way of diverting the money from customers refund account (McMenamin, 2008). The study of Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) based on the fraud cases experienced in the past reveals that most of the employee frauds are found in the areas such as billing, payroll, and cash payments and receipts (Peel Holland, 2016). Therefore, the management accountant should verify the internal controls in these areas appropriately paying special attention to the authentication mechanism. In the present case, the management account is of the suspicion that the supervisor is involved in diverting the business assets for personal use. In this connection, the management accountant should inquire about the suspected circumstances rigorously and endeavourer the collect conclusive evidences based on which it could be proved that the supervisor is actually involved in misappropriation of the company assets. For this purpose, the management accountant needs to go through the internal control processes and identify the loopholes therein (Coenen, 2009). Each step of the processes that the supervisor is concerned with should be checked with at most care reviewing the authentication procedures and other aspects. The assets that could be diverted for person use should be identified and the concerned authority responsible to take care of such assets should be inquired about. Primarily, the assets such as cash and inventory are more vulnerable to misappropriations, thus, the management account should pay adequate attention on verification of the internal controls in relation to these assets (Coenen, 2009). Lismore Manufacturing Company Cost of goods manufactured schedule for the quarter, march 31 Particulars Amount Amount Direct material used 378,000.00 Direct manufacturing labor 480,000.00 858,000.00 Factory Overhead Indirect materials used 84,000.00 Indirect manufacturing labor 186,000.00 Property taxes on manufacturing plant building 28,800.00 Depreciation of manufacturing equipment 264,000.00 Miscellaneous plant overhead 135,000.00 Plant utilities 92,400.00 790,200.00 Total Manufacturing Cost 1,648,200.00 Add: Beginning WIP 140,400.00 Less: Closing WIP 171,000.00 Cost of goods manufactured 1,617,600.00 Lismore Manufacturing Company Cost of goods sold schedule for the quarter, March, 31 Particulars Amount Amount Cost of goods manufactured 1,617,600.00 Add: Beginning Finished Goods 540,000.00 Less: Closing Finished Goods 510,000.00 Cost of goods sold 1,647,600.00 The costs which are included for inventory valuation are direct material and conversion cost. The conversion cost includes direct labor and manufacturing overheads. The other costs such as selling and distribution and administration overheads are charged to the income statement as period cost. In the present problem, the inventoriable costs are direct material ($378000), direct labor ($480000), indirect material ($84000), indirect labor ($186000), property taxes on manufacturing plant building ($28800), depreciation of manufacturing equipment ($26400), plant overhead ($135000), and plant utilities ($92400). The period costs are Salespersons' company vehicle costs ($12000), depreciation of office equipment ($123600), general office expenses ($305400), and marketing distribution costs ($30000) (Needles, Powers, and Crosson, 2010). The schedule of cost of goods manufactured is of $1,617,600, which indicates the total cost incurred by the company in manufacturing activities. The cost of goods manufactured is adjusted for the beginning and ending inventory of finished goods to get the cost of goods sold. For example, if the cost of goods manufactured is $1,617,600 and finished goods inventory at the beginning and at the end is $540,000 and $510,000 respectively, then the cost of goods sold would amount to $1,647,600 (1,617,600+540,000-510,000). The cost of goods sold is then taken to the income statement and deducted from the total revenues to get the gross profit. For example, if the total revenues are $2,000,000, then the gross profit would amount to $352,400 ($2,000,000-$1,647,600) (Needles, Powers, and Crosson, 2010). Budgeted manufacturing overhead rate Description Department 100 Department 200 A. Budgeted manufacturing overheads (Given in Question) 57,500.00 62,500.00 B. Budgeted Hours 4000 8000 C. Rate per hour (A/B) 14.38 7.81 Journal Entries for Deptt 100 S.No. Particulars Debit Credit 1 Material control account 110,000.00 Account payable 110,000.00 2 WIP control account 32,500.00 Manufacturing overhead control account 7,500.00 Material control account 40,000.00 3 WIP control account 52,500.00 Manufacturing overhead control account 11,000.00 Wages payable control account 63,500.00 4 Manufacturing overhead control account 17,250.00 Lease payable control account 16,250.00 Utility control account 1,000.00 5 WIP control account 11,500.00 Manufacturing overhead allocation 11,500.00 Total cost of Job A Description Department 100 Direct materials used 32,500.00 Direct manufacturing labor 52,500.00 Indirect manufacturing labor 11,000.00 Indirect materials used 7,500.00 Lease on equipment 16,250.00 Utility 1,000.00 Manufacturing Overheads allocated (800 hrs*14.38+300 hrs*7.81) 13,843.75 Total Cost 134,593.75 The most important factor that determines the overhead allocation base is the cost driver. The cost driver causes the cost to change for a product or service, for example, in a labor intensive company; the cost is primarily driven by the labor hours. In same way a machine intensive company finds the costs being driven by the machine hours. Further, the ease of measurement is also one of the crucial factors that need to be taken into account while determining the cost allocation base (Heisinger and Hoyle, 2016). Computation of Equivalent Units Material Conversion Completion percentage 100% 60% Units manufactured 75000 75000 Normal spoilage 3000 3000 Closing WIP Equivalent units 14500 8700 (14500*60%) Total Equivalent Units 92500 86700 Calcualtion of Cost Per Equivalent unit Material Conversion Total Opening WIP 25,000.00 10,000.00 Cost added during period 113,750.00 55,027.50 [40020+(40020*37.5%)] Total cost 138,750.00 65,027.50 Cost per Equivalent unit 1.50 0.75 2.25 (1.50+.75) Therefore, cost per equivalent unit is $2.25 Production cost worksheet Description Units Cost per unit Total Units completed 75000 2.25 168,752.16 Spoilage 3000 2.25 6,750.09 WIP ending (Only material cost incurred till now) 14500 1.50 21,750.00 Under process costing the cost accumulation is done for a production run, while under job costing the cost is accumulated in relation to a particular job order. The cost accumulation in the job costing is more detailed and specific for a particular job, whereas, in process costing, the cost is accumulated for all the jobs running in a production run (Garrison, 2012). Since, the cost accumulation of various jobs can be done at a time under process costing; therefore, the cost accumulation becomes easier than the job costing method. However, it should be noted that both the methods such as the job and processes costing are applied in different manufacturing organizations. For example, a construction company may use job costing, but it may not be perfect for biscuit manufacturing company (Garrison, 2012). References Coenen, T.L. 2009. Expert fraud investigation: a step-by-step guide. John Wiley Sons. Garrison. 2012. Managerial Accounting 11E W/Dvd. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Heisinger, K. and Hoyle, J. 2016. Assigning Manufacturing Overhead Costs to Jobs. [Online]. Available at: https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/4402?e=heisinger_1.0-ch02_s03 [Accessed on: 18 August 2016]. McMenamin, J. 2008. IKEA worker accused of giving himself fake refunds. [Online]. Available at: https://articles.baltimoresun.com/2008-09-10/news/0809090107_1_samaroo-ikea-refunds [Accessed on: 18 August 2016]. Needles, BE., Powers, M., and Crosson, S.V. 2010. Financial and managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Peel Holland. 2016. Employee Fraud in the Workplace. [Online]. Available at: https://www.peelholland.com/news.html?n=employee-fraud-in-the-workplace- [Accessed on: 18 August 2016].